• How consciousness in animals could be re

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Thu Mar 2 21:30:22 2023
    How consciousness in animals could be researched

    Date:
    March 2, 2023
    Source:
    Ruhr-University Bochum
    Summary:
    Animal consciousness should not be thought of as a light switch,
    which can be on or off, philosophers say. They advocate a different
    approach.


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    FULL STORY ========================================================================== There are reasons to assume that not only humans but also some
    non-human species of animal have conscious perception. Which species have consciousness and how the subjective experience of various species could
    differ is being investigated by Professor Albert Newen and PhD student
    Leonard Dung from the Institute for Philosophy II at Ruhr University
    Bochum. To do this, they characterise consciousness with ten different dimensions and work out which behaviours indicate the presence of each
    of these consciousness dimensions.

    They describe their approach in the academic journal Cognition, published online on 21 February 2023.


    ========================================================================== Consciousness is not like a light switch There is a debate within
    research as to which animals have consciousness. There are also various
    views as to how consciousness can be expressed. "According to one view, consciousness is like a light switch, which is either on or off: a species either has consciousness or it does not," explains Albert Newen. A more
    refined idea is that consciousness can be thought of as a dimmer switch:
    it can exist in varying degrees.

    Albert Newen and Leonard Dung do not agree with either of these theories.

    According to them, ten dimensions, or aspects, of consciousness can be distinguished, which cannot necessarily be placed in a ranking. These
    include, for example, a rich emotional inner life, self-awareness and
    or conscious perception. "It is not necessarily worthwhile to ask
    whether a mouse has more consciousness than an octopus," clarifies
    Albert Newen. "You may get a different answer, depending on the aspect
    of consciousness that you are looking at." The researchers from Bochum
    suggest distinguishing between strong and weak indicators of consciousness
    and allocating each of these to certain aspects of consciousness. "We hope
    to ultimately make it possible to measure how the subjective experience
    of various species differs between species and compared to humans,"
    summarises Leonard Dung.

    Strong and weak indicators of consciousness According to the authors,
    the simple processing of sensory stimuli is not an indicator of
    consciousness. Studies of humans with brain damage show that two pathways
    in the brain have to interact for conscious perception, one of which
    processes information about the spatial position of objects and the other
    is responsible for the conscious classification of objects. If one of
    these pathways is damaged, people can correctly interact with objects
    -- for example, inserting a letter into a letterbox -- but without
    perceiving the letterbox as such. "As a result, the mere reception of
    and reaction to sensory stimuli, which we find in all living organisms,
    is not a noteworthy indicator of consciousness," says Leonard Dung.

    However, more complex forms of perception also occur in the animal
    kingdom. For example, monkeys, parrots and dogs are able to identify or categorise perceived objects as individual things. A grey parrot called
    Alex was able to simultaneously categorise an object as red, round and metallic. Border Collies can learn the names of up to 1,000 objects
    and identify and fetch certain objects. Newen and Dung describe these
    abilities of conscious perception as a weak indicator of consciousness.

    A strong indicator of conscious perception can, however, be provided by
    an experiment in which a person puts on a pair of computer glasses and
    is shown a house in the left eye and a face in the right eye. They do not
    see a mixture, but instead only see the house for a while, then the face,
    then back to the house and so on. Analogous experiments now also exist
    for animals, enabling what they are consciously perceiving to be tested.

    Episodic memory is a strong indicator The authors also see episodic
    memory, i.e. memories of previous life events, their time and their place,
    as a strong indicator of consciousness. It is well documented in rats
    and some species of bird.

    Newen and Dung argue that consciousness is closely linked to complex
    memory and learning abilities and with perception. In order to understand consciousness, it would be helpful if behavioural observations could
    be combined with neuroscientific data, which is already possible in
    individual cases. "However, as we do not know enough about the brain basis
    of conscious experience, even in humans, and we are aiming to compare
    widely differing species with a very different brain organisation, a behavioural comparison in ten dimensions is the best approach that we
    have for the time being," concludes Albert Newen.

    * RELATED_TOPICS
    o Plants_&_Animals
    # New_Species # Animal_Learning_and_Intelligence
    # Extinction # Animals # Wild_Animals # Nature #
    Life_Sciences # Endangered_Animals
    * RELATED_TERMS
    o Animal_cognition o Vitamin_A o Mirror_neuron o Color_vision
    o Sleep o Firefly o Eye o Bioluminescence

    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Ruhr-University_Bochum. Original
    written by Julia Weiler.

    Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


    ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. Leonard Dung, Albert Newen. Profiles of animal consciousness:
    A species-
    sensitive, two-tier account to quality and distribution. Cognition,
    2023; 235: 105409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105409 ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230302093405.htm

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