'Tiny but mighty' gene fragments are crucial for maintaining blood
glucose levels
Microexons constitute new therapeutic targets for treating diabetes

Date:
February 9, 2023
Source:
Center for Genomic Regulation
Summary:
Microexons, tiny fragments of genes that are just 3-27 nucleotides
long, are known to play a 'tiny but mighty' role in neuronal
cells. Through RNA splicing, microexons sculpt the surfaces of
proteins in a highly precise manner, performing microsurgery on
the nervous system's proteins.

According to a new study, microexons are also crucial for pancreatic
function and regulating blood glucose levels. The microexons are
located on more than a hundred genes, including some critical
for insulin secretion and type-2 diabetes risk. The researchers
believe the discovery could lead to new high-precision treatments
for type-2 diabetes, for example by repurposing existing treatments
that already exploit RNA splicing mechanisms to treat other types
of diseases.


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FULL STORY ==========================================================================
When cells copy DNA to produce RNA transcripts, they include only some
chunks of genetic material known as exons and throw out the rest. The
resulting product is a fully-mature RNA molecule, which can be used as
a template to build a protein.


==========================================================================
One of the features of gene expression is that, through a process known
as alternative splicing, a cell can select different combinations of
exons to make different RNA transcripts. Like movie producers creating
a regular and director's cut of a film, including or excluding a single
exon can result in the production of proteins with different functions.

Living organisms use alternative splicing to enable complex functions.

Different types of cells in different kinds of tissues produce different
RNA transcripts from the same gene. Understanding how this process works provides new clues about human development, health and disease and paves
the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

In recent years, researchers have discovered microexons, a type of
protein- coding DNA sequence. At just three to 27 nucleotides long,
microexons are much shorter than the average exon, the average size of
which is around 150 nucleotides. The existence of microexons across many different species ranging from flies to mammals suggest they have an
important function because they have been conserved by natural selection
for hundreds of millions of years.

In humans, most microexons are exclusively found in neuronal cells,
where the tiny gene fragments exert a mighty role. For example, recent
studies show that they are crucial for the development of photoreceptors,
a specialised type of neuron in the retina. Research has also shown
that alterations to microexon activity are common in autistic brains, suggesting that the tiny gene fragments play an important role in the
clinical characteristics of the condition.

"A microexon is a short fragment of DNA that codes for a few amino
acids, the building blocks of proteins. Though we don't know the exact mechanisms of action involved, including or excluding just a handful of
these amino acids during splicing sculpts the surfaces of proteins in
a highly precise manner.

Therefore, microexon splicing can be seen as a way to perform microsurgery
of proteins in the nervous system, modifying how they interact with other molecules in the highly-specialized synapses of neurons," explains ICREA Research Professor Dr. Manuel Irimia, a researcher at the Centre for
Genomic Regulation (CRG) who explores the functional role of microexons.

A research team led by Dr. Irimia and ICREA Research Professor Juan
Valca'rcel at the CRG has now discovered that microexons are also found in another type of cell that carries out highly-specialised functions within complex tissues and organs -- endocrine cells in the pancreas. Microexon splicing is prevalent in pancreatic islets, tissues that host beta cells
which make the hormone insulin.

The findings are published today in the journal Nature Metabolism.

The researchers came across the discovery while they were studying the
role of alternative splicing in the biology of pancreatic islets and maintenance of blood sugar levels. They studied RNA sequence data from different human and rodent tissues, specifically looking for exons that
are differentially spliced in pancreatic islets compared to other tissues.

The data revealed that half the exons specifically enriched in pancreatic islets were microexons, almost all of which were also found in neuronal
cells.

The finding is in line with the idea that pancreatic islet cells have
evolved by borrowing regulatory mechanisms from neuronal cells.

From the more than one hundred pancreatic islet microexons found, the
majority were located on genes critical for insulin secretion or linked
to type- 2 diabetes risk. The research also revealed that microexon
inclusion in RNA transcripts was controlled by SRRM3, a protein that
binds to RNA molecules and is encoded by the SRRM3 gene. The authors of
the study showed that high blood sugar levels induced both the expression
of SRRM3 and the inclusion of microexons, hinting at the possibility that
the regulation of microexon splicing could play a role in maintaining
blood sugar levels.

To further understand the impact of islet microexons, the researchers
carried out various functional experiments using human beta cells grown
in the laboratory, as well as in vivo and ex vivo experiments with mice
lacking the SRRM3 gene.

They found that depleting SRRM3 or repressing single microexons lead
to impaired insulin secretion in beta cells. In mice, alterations to
microexon splicing changed the shape of pancreatic islets, ultimately
impacting the release of insulin.

The researchers teamed up with Dr. Jorge Ferrer's research group, also
at the CRG, to study genetic and RNA transcript data from diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and explore possible links between microexons
and human metabolic disorders. They found that genetic variants which
affect microexon inclusion are linked to variations in fasting blood sugar levels and also type-2 diabetes risk. They also found that type-2 diabetes patients have lower levels of microexons in their pancreatic islets.

The findings of the study pave the way to explore new therapeutic
strategies to treat diabetes by modulating splicing. "Here we show
that islet microexons play important roles in islet function and
glucose homeostasis, potentially contributing to type-2 diabetes predisposition. For this reason, microexons may represent ideal
therapeutic targets to treat dysfunctional beta cells in type- 2
diabetes," explains Dr. Jonas Juan Mateu, first author of the study and postdoctoral researcher at the CRG.

"A wide range of splicing modulators are available to treat a variety
of human diseases. When I first started studying splicing in pancreatic
islets eight years ago, I wanted to find out whether existing splicing modulators could be repurposed for diabetes. I think we're one step
closer to that," adds Dr. Juan Mateu.

While the work shows microexons are important new players in pancreatic
islet biology, further work will be needed to determine their precise
impact during the tissue's development. Researchers also lack mechanistic insight on how each individual microexon alters protein function and
affects key pathways in islet cells. Understanding this will shed light
on their exact physiological role in diabetes and other metabolic diseases linked to pancreatic islets.

The study adds to a growing body of evidence that microexons play crucial
roles in human development, health and disease. "Less than 10 years
after we first reported on their existence, we are seeing how microexons
are key elements that modify how proteins interact with each other
in cells with functions that require a high degree of specialization,
such as neurotransmitter or insulin release and light transduction,"
explains Dr. Irimia.

"Consequently, we expect mutations in microexons to lead to diseases
whose genetic causes we have not yet understood. We are beginning to
search for these mutations in patients with neurodevelopmental and
metabolic disorders as well as retinopathies, to then devise possible interventions to treat them," he concludes.

The findings were made by a team led by ICREA Research Professors Manuel
Irimia and Juan Valca'rcel, Group Leaders in the Systems and Synthetic
Biology and Genome Biology research programmes at the Centre for Genomic Regulation.

Collaborators include Dr. Jorge Ferrer, Coordinator of the Computational Biology and Health Genomics programme at the CRG and Group Leader at
CIBERDEM.

The findings were supported through a Health Research grant from the
"La Caixa" Foundation, the European Research Council (ERC), the EU Marie Skłodowska- Curie European Postdoctoral Fellowships, the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) and Lilly European Diabetes Research Programme.

* RELATED_TOPICS
o Health_&_Medicine
# Diabetes # Human_Biology # Pancreatic_Cancer # Genes #
Personalized_Medicine # Medical_Topics # Gene_Therapy
# Stem_Cells
* RELATED_TERMS
o Diabetes o Diabetes_mellitus_type_1 o Insulin o
Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 o DNA o RNA o Gene o Diabetic_diet

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Center_for_Genomic_Regulation. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Juan-Mateu, J., Bajew, S., Miret-Cuesta, M. et al. Pancreatic
microexons
regulate islet function and glucose homeostasis. Nat Metab, 2023
DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00734-2 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114732.htm

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