New research helps explain how Ritalin sharpens attention

Date:
April 29, 2022
Source:
University of Pittsburgh
Summary:
Researchers found animals that had taken methylphenidate performed
better on a visual task of attention, and that the improvement
happened exactly when that same metric of neuron activity shifted.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
Even half a century after a drug comes on the market, scientists can
still learn new things about how it works. New research from University
of Pittsburgh neuroscientists provides a rare look at how Ritalin affects activity in the brains of animals, providing a deeper understanding of
how groups of brain cells govern attention and pointing to new possible
uses for the stimulant.


========================================================================== Around one in 11 children in the U.S. are prescribed stimulants like methylphenidate (also known by its brand name Ritalin) to improve
attention and focus in people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder, or ADHD. Many more adults, an estimated 1 in 5 according to
surveys, also use the drugs off- label. And while the safety and efficacy
of these drugs is well understood, there's still plenty left to learn
about how they work.

"We really know very little about what these drugs do to the activity of
groups of neurons," said senior study author Marlene Cohen, a professor of neuroscience in the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences. "But
basic scientists like us have been investigating what groups of neurons
can tell us about behavior and cognition, and so understanding what these
drugs do to groups of neurons can maybe give us hints about other things
that they would be useful for." Previous work led by Pitt postdoctoral researcher Amy Ni showed a link between how well animals did on a visual
task and a particular measurement of neurons in the visual cortex -- specifically, how likely they are to fire off independent of one another,
as opposed to being synched up.

In the current work, they found that animals that had taken
methylphenidate performed better on a visual task of attention, and
that the improvement happened exactly when that same metric of neuron
activity shifted. The team, led by Ni, published their research in the journalProceedings of the National Academy of Scienceson April 25.

Some of the study results were expected from what's already known
about the drug. The three animals took methylphenidate or a placebo
on alternating days for two weeks of tests. On days when they took
the drug, they spent longer on the task and performed better at it,
but only when the required task occurred in a spot they were already
paying attention to.



==========================================================================
In most neuroscience experiments, researchers target very small groups
of neurons with electricity or light. "We definitely didn't do that --
we took these drugs, mixed them in fruit juice and gave them to the
animals," Cohen said. "It surprised me that a very general manipulation
would have a very specific behavioral effect." Along with learning more
about how the drug works, such experiments allow researchers to gain a
broader understanding of how patterns of firing neurons translate into behaviors like paying attention to what we see. By comparing how neurons
act when the brain is in different states -- such as when a subject has
taken a drug versus when they haven't -- researchers can create more
complete and useful models of how brain cells and behavior are linked.

It's an approach that hasn't received much attention, Cohen said, due in
part to a lack of ways to fund research on how drugs change the activity
of neurons.

That makes it difficult to look for "crossover treatments," i.e., novel
uses for drugs that are already on the market.

In light of the current study, previous work in the lab hints at some
of these potential crossovers. Research by Ni has found similarities
between neural patterns linked to attention and certain kinds of learning, suggesting that treatments for disorders involving one might be effective
for the other.

"These stimulants might actually be useful for treating a lot of things, ranging from the cognitive changes associated with normal aging, to
Alzheimer's disease and others," Cohen said. Though it's currently just
a well-informed hunch, it's one the lab plans to pursue in future studies.

For now, this study remains an important first step in a line of research
Cohen hopes to see far more of: connecting the dots between the neural underpinnings of our behavior and how drugs affect it.

"It's one test case, and I think there's a lot more to be done," she
said. "I hope that people will see that these approaches are important."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Pittsburgh. Original
written by Patrick Monahan. Note: Content may be edited for style
and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Amy M. Ni, Brittany S. Bowes, Douglas A. Ruff, Marlene R. Cohen.

Methylphenidate as a causal test of translational and basic neural
coding hypotheses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
2022; 119 (17) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120529119 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220429144909.htm

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